In the following, we develop a theoretical model for this experiment. Ideal switching of the measured detector signal between two noiseless values I 1,2 is identified with the two current levels ...

Conditional independence testing seeks to determine whether two random variables are independent given the value of a third. This concept underpins causal discovery, graphical modelling and variable ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...